Industrial Revolution: Economic, Social, and Cultural Transformation in Europe
Keywords:
Industrial revolution, tranformasi, EuropeAbstract
This article examines the Industrial Revolution as a major transformation that reshaped economic systems, social structures, technological development, and global dominance in Europe from the eighteenth to nineteenth centuries. Emerging initially in England, the Industrial Revolution marked a transition from agrarian-based economies to machine-driven industrial production. Through technological innovation, urbanization, and the rise of industrial capitalism, European society experienced profound changes in labor relations, settlement patterns, and global power structures. Using a historical qualitative approach, this article analyzes the background, development, and impacts of the Industrial Revolution in shaping modern European civilization
Downloads
References
Allen, R. C. (2009). *The British Industrial Revolution in global perspective*. Cambridge University Press.
Ashton, T. S. (1948). The Industrial Revolution (1760–1830). Oxford University Press.
Clark, G. (2007). *A Farewell to Alms: A brief economic history of the world*. Princeton University Press.
Frader, L. L. (2006). *The Industrial Revolution: A history in documents*. Oxford University Press.
Hobsbawm, E. (1962). *The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848*. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Hobsbawm, E. (1975). *The Age of Capital: 1848–1875*. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1999). Industry and Empire: The Birth of the Industrial Revolution. Penguin.
Jones, E. L. (1981). *The European Miracle: Environments, economies, and geopolitics in the history of Europe and Asia*. Cambridge University Press.
Landes, D. S. (1969). *The Unbound Prometheus: Technological change and industrial development in Western Europe from 1750 to the present*. Cambridge University Press.
Landes, D. S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus. Cambridge University Press.
Mokyr, J. (1990). The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. Oxford University Press.
Mokyr, J. (Ed.). (1993). *The Industrial Revolution: Britain and Europe*. Oxford University Press.
Ogilvie, S. (2019). *The European guilds: An economic analysis*. Princeton University Press.
Rule, J. (1981). *The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth‑Century English Industry*. St. Martin’s Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 JNS: Journal of Natural Sciences and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
